
Surgeons stand on the shoulders of people who risked their lives to solve the puzzle of the human body.
The first experiments with ether and chloroform conquer pain, as breakthroughs in hygiene stop infections; under the knife procedure is safer than ever, and a generation of men and women transform surgery into sophisticated science of today.
A skull with a hole serves as evidence of trephination;Galenus in Ancient Rome studies anatomy by treating gladiators; medieval barber surgeons are like craftsmen than doctors; French King Louis XIV helps surgery become a recognized science.