
Surgeons stand on the shoulders of people who risked their lives to solve the puzzle of the human body.

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The first experiments with ether and chloroform conquer pain, as breakthroughs in hygiene stop infections; under the knife procedure is safer than ever, and a generation of men and women transform surgery into sophisticated science of today.
A skull with a hole serves as evidence of trephination;Galenus in Ancient Rome studies anatomy by treating gladiators; medieval barber surgeons are like craftsmen than doctors; French King Louis XIV helps surgery become a recognized science.